Effects of the Westward Expansion of the Colonies of the United States Essay

Impacts of the Westward Expansion of the Colonies of the United States - Essay Example Step by step the Americans moved far into the west looking for prolific grounds regardless of being changes over to Christianity or having strict opportunity. They even started exchanging with the Indians, which prompted a few arrangements with them. Inspite of these harmony arrangements war proceeded as the Indians scarcely thought to be limited to bargains and the US government was faithful to its obligation of securing the development towards the west. In 1848 San Francisco was a little locale, which developed into a major city dependent on fast commercialization, and industrialization while the mining business became promoted. The move towards the west was started inferable from a quest for new and better open doors as far as land for cultivating and employments to endure. The Midwest turned into the alluring zone for the pioneers and the mechanical unrest energized commercialization. The owners of the terrains started to advance their wares by demonstrating sufficient availabili ty with the east. As the timberland regions got diminished in the east during 1849 the wood business moved westwards to Michigan and Minnesota. This would guarantee they were not moving ceaselessly from human progress. Once more, the callings bit by bit moved from cultivating to different exercises like stumbling and mining. Mechanical insurgency achieved hardware, which spared work, and cultivating became smoother.

Making Hotplates Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Making Hotplates - Assignment Example As uncovered, â€Å"specialized occupations turned out to be very boring† (Gachire, n.d., p. 8) and the change prodded inspiration and improvement. The huge increment in execution and employment fulfillment that was made conceivable with recognizing the completed item to explicit laborers similarly added to the noteworthy drop in non-attendance and an expansion in moral. Similarly, by requesting the recommendation of the laborers who are generally educated in methods of improving their employments (Gachire, n.d.), there was a stamped improvement in moral related to expanded inspiration, drop in non-attendance and increment in by and large execution and efficiency. The significant changes in the circumstance remember charging the laborers to work for another procedure work process that would empower every specialist to collect the hotplate totally. This change gave compelling inspiration to drive these laborers into improving execution and efficiency since each yield could be effortlessly distinguished and represented by the laborers. In this manner, every specialist gave a valiant effort to guarantee that the completed item is liberated from any quality imperfections. The proposed change was successfully imagined and executed by the director, with data sources and proposals talked about at first with the laborers. As at first demonstrated, the rejects were basically controllable; which means, the administrator could without much of a stretch forestall their events. In this manner, the progressions were constrained by the laborers under the administration and inspiration gave by the supervisor. In the event that the laborers returned to the old sequential construction system technique, a similar high pace of truancy, high pace of rejects, and low efficiency and confidence would result. As assessed, as started from conduct the board hypotheses that emphasis on deciding the activity design’s connection to efficiency, fulfillment and inspiration, the old mechanical production system strategy is excessively organized, daily practice, and repetitive that keeps laborers from being tested and in

Can Too Much Homework Make You Physically Ill

Can Too Much Homework Make You Physically Ill Can Too Much Homework Make You Physically Ill? Can Too Much Homework Make You Physically Ill? In a recent study conducted by the Stanford Graduate School of Education, which surveyed more than 4,300 students from ten high-performing public and private high-schools, researchers found that excessive homework causes high-stress levels and physical health problems. “We found a clear connection between the students’ stress and physical impacts â€" migraines, ulcers and other stomach problems, sleep deprivation and exhaustion, and weight loss,” said co-author Denis Pope. The study was published in the Journal of Experimental Education, which also found that the average student was doing as much as five hours of homework per night. According to the study, fifty-six per cent of students cited homework as a primary stressor in their lives, despite the facts that homework levels have remained relatively stable since 1984, the study goes on to report. The study also found that academic pressure can lead to serious drug and alcohol abuse, depression, and anxiety. The reason: an enormous amount of pressure, including family dynamics, peer norms, pressures at schools, and policies in higher education, the report concludes. With many pupils stressed about midterms and finals right around the corner, the pressure is for high achieving students to maintain their GPA levels and overall academic performance. Don’t let mounting pressure get in the way of your academic performance; Homework Help USA is here to assist with all your academic and custom essay writing and editing needs. We are a professional essay writing service with years of writing and editing experience, giving you the peace of mind you need to focus on maintaining your mental and physical health. Reference: Can too much homework make your child sick? Study finds clear connection between students stress and physical illness. (2014, March 21). Retrieved January 2, 2015, from Can Too Much Homework Make You Physically Ill Can Too Much Homework Make You Physically Ill? Can Too Much Homework Make You Physically Ill? In a recent study conducted by the Stanford Graduate School of Education, which surveyed more than 4,300 students from ten high-performing public and private high-schools, researchers found that excessive homework causes high-stress levels and physical health problems. “We found a clear connection between the students’ stress and physical impacts â€" migraines, ulcers and other stomach problems, sleep deprivation and exhaustion, and weight loss,” said co-author Denis Pope. The study was published in the Journal of Experimental Education, which also found that the average student was doing as much as five hours of homework per night. According to the study, fifty-six per cent of students cited homework as a primary stressor in their lives, despite the facts that homework levels have remained relatively stable since 1984, the study goes on to report. The study also found that academic pressure can lead to serious drug and alcohol abuse, depression, and anxiety. The reason: an enormous amount of pressure, including family dynamics, peer norms, pressures at schools, and policies in higher education, the report concludes. With many pupils stressed about midterms and finals right around the corner, the pressure is for high achieving students to maintain their GPA levels and overall academic performance. Don’t let mounting pressure get in the way of your academic performance; Homework Help Canada is here to assist with all your academic and custom essay writing and editing needs. We are a professional essay writing service with years of writing and editing experience, giving you the peace of mind you need to focus on maintaining your mental and physical health. Reference: Can too much homework make your child sick? Study finds clear connection between students stress and physical illness. (2014, March 21). Retrieved January 2, 2015, from

Answer to Common Hot Ice Questions

Several of you have written in asking for help with your homemade hot ice or sodium acetate. Here are the answers to the most common hot ice questions as well as advice on how to fix the usual problems making hot ice. What Is hot ice? Hot ice is a common name for sodium acetate trihydrate. How Do I Make Hot Ice? You can make hot ice yourself from baking soda and clear vinegar. Ive got written instructions and a video tutorial to show you how to do it. In the lab, you could make hot ice from sodium bicarbonate and weak acetic acid (1 L 6% acetic acid, 84 grams sodium bicarbonate) or from acetic acid and sodium hydroxide (dangerous! 60 ml water, 60 ml glacial acetic acid, 40 g sodium hydroxide). The mixture is boiled down and prepared the same as the homemade version. You can also buy sodium acetate (or sodium acetate anhydrous) and sodium acetate trihydrate. Sodium acetate trihydrate can be melted and used as-is. Convert sodium acetate anhydrous to sodium acetate trihydrate by dissolving it in water and cooking it down to remove the excess water. Can I Substitute Baking Powder for the Baking Soda? No. Baking powder contains other chemicals which would act as impurities in this procedure and prevent the hot ice from working. Can I Use Another Type of Vinegar? No. There are impurities in other types of vinegar which would prevent the hot ice from crystallizing. You could use dilute acetic acid instead of vinegar. I Cant Get the Hot Ice to Solidify. What Can I Do? You dont have to start from scratch! Take your failed hot ice solution (wont solidify or else is mushy) and add some vinegar to it. Heat the hot ice solution until the crystal skin forms, immediately remove it from heat, cool it at least down to room temperature, and initiate crystallization by adding a small quantity of the crystals that formed on the side of your pan (sodium acetate anhydrous). Another way to initiate crystallization is to add a small amount of baking soda, but if you do that you will contaminate your hot ice with sodium bicarbonate. Its still a handy way to cause crystallization if you dont have any sodium acetate crystals handy, plus you can remedy the contamination by adding a small volume of vinegar afterward. Can I Re-Use the Hot Ice? Yes, you can re-use hot ice. You can melt it on the stove to use it again or you can microwave the hot ice. Can I Eat Hot Ice? Technically you can, but I wouldnt recommend it. It is not toxic, but it is not edible. You Show Glass and Metal Containers. Can I Use Plastic? Yes, you can. I used metal and glass because I melted the hot ice on the stove. You could melt the hot ice in a microwave using a plastic container. Are Containers Used to Make Hot Ice Safe to Use for Food? Yes. Wash the containers and they will be perfectly safe to use for food. My Hot Ice Is Yellow or Brown. How Do I Get Clear/White Hot Ice? Yellow or brown hot ice works... it just doesnt look that much like ice. The discoloration has two causes. One is overheating your hot ice solution. You can prevent this type of discoloration by lowering the temperature when you heated the hot ice to remove the excess water. The other cause of discoloration is the presence of impurities. Improving the quality of your baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and acetic acid (from the vinegar) will help prevent discoloration. I made my hot ice using the least expensive baking soda and vinegar I could buy and managed to get white hot ice, but only after I lowered my heating temperature, so its possible to get decent purity with kitchen ingredients.

Public Education and Standard Testing - 882 Words

For students to be able to do well on standardized test they rely on their teachers. Several teachers interviewed said they spent hours of extra planning time and hundreds of dollars to create more interesting lessons. They said they must be supremely organized and strict enforcers of classroom rules. (Watanabe). Some teachers are pressured to the point that they make education all about the test and up to the test. The pressure to improve students test performance in California and across the country often meets with disdain from teachers who say they are compelled to throw out creativity and â€Å"teach to the test.† (Watanabe). If somehow the test were based on what students learn, then students could score better. Educators are unanimous†¦show more content†¦(Moore). Since standardized test can’t provide a clear picture for a student, these test shouldn’t really make the decisions of a student’s educational future. If retention helps at all, i t does so only when students are supported by innovative learning strategies. Decisions to deny promotion should not be based on a single test. (Nina and Sol Hurwitz). Standardized test also can effects students emotionally. Although standardized tests are somewhat limited in measuring skill development, they also are ineffective in ascertaining student attitudes and behavior changes (Travis 1996). (Frederick M. Hess). The U.S.’s present goal is to raise standards, they look forward to standardized test to complete this goal. High-Stake tests can be a powerful tool for raising standards for at-risk students, but only if resources are reallocated to schools that serve them and the testing program must be held accountable for ensuring that the tests are reliable, fair, and free of cultural bias. (Nina and Sol Hurwitz). In order for the standardized test to actually become beneficial to public education students have to excel at these test and these test have to be well designe d for the students, keep it from being bias towards anything. Students and the test result that are received by them are what keep standardized testShow MoreRelatedThe Limitations Of Standardized Testing Essay705 Words   |  3 Pageslimitations of â€Å"standardized testing† as a rigid and narrow criterion for gauging the educational capabilities of students in public education. The criterion for standardized testing relies on narrow areas of knowledge that define a hierarchical imposition of â€Å"intelligence† testing that forces the student to perform ion a constrained academic environment. This type of testing has become a mechanized tool to reject the individual needs of the student in a linear testing methodology. The importanceRead MoreEssay on Standardized Testing a Failure in Education1335 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized testing scores proficiencies in most generally accepted curricular areas. The margin of error is too great to call this method effective . â€Å"High test scores are generally related to things other than the actual quality of education students are receiving† (Kohn 7). â€Å"Only recently have test scores been published in the news-paper and used as the primary criteria for judging children, teachers, and schools.†(2) Standardized testing is a great travesty imposed upon the American Public School systemRead MoreStandardized Testing And The National Ranking Chart962 Words   |  4 Pagesdescending on the national ranking chart. According to Rankingamerica.com, countries like South Korea and Japan are leading the charts in education while the U.S is rank number fourteen. There are many attributes that play a part of this destruction, but the overuse of the unforgiving arrangement of standardized testing has a strong presence. Though, standardized testing has been around since the 1800’s but the tests that are implemented today are no match for educators or students. Following the signingRead More An Examination of Standardized Testing Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesreally improve the quality of public education? For years they have been used to judge schools academic performance and assess the needs of students. No longer can illiterates be graduated from high school. No longer can teachers pass a student from one grade to another without having taught that student anything (Spellings). While these advances are beneficial, standardized exams often hurt already disadvantaged schools, promote states to lower their standards of education, and cause schools to focusRead MoreIntroduction. A Resounding â€Å"Thank You† Is Directed Toward1514 Words   |  7 Pagesin 2002, which consists of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) Initiative. CCSS is set of quality academic standards in math and English for grade levels K-12 that outlines what a student should have learned at the successful completion of each grade. Ultimately, the CCSS levels th e learning field for students across America, regardless of social class, race, or disability by requiring all students to meet the same standards of quality education. Statement of the Problem The popularity of theRead MorePresident George Bush s No Child Left Behind Act Of 20071263 Words   |  6 PagesPolitics have made up a large part of public education in the United States of America since Anglo-Saxons came over from Europe. The effects that politics and governmental policies have had on public education have been evident throughout the history of the United States and are still apparent today. Beginning with assimilation and acculturation in the 17th century and continuing on to programs such as President George Bush’s No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Mississippi Healthy Students ActRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act875 Words   |  4 Pagesin lower-income families achieve the same standard of education as children in higher income families. This was done by the federal government providing extra finances for Title I schools in exchange for a rise in academic progress. According to Fair Test, if a state wanted to receive funding through the NCLB, the state had to set a proficiency level through standardized testing in grades 3-8 and once in high school, and report those scores to the public (Fair Test). The NCLB act had a goal of reachingRead MoreStandard Based Learning And Its Impact On Education1371 Words   |  6 PagesStandard based learning has led to the demise of public education for years. Standard based learning is an educational system that measures students’ achievement and mastery of skills by their performance on assessments. Institutions that implement standard based learning use learning standards that explicitly describe what students should theoretically know and what lessons that educators should teach. The learning standards were created to define the adeptness of the students, ensure the retentionRead MoreStandardized Testing And The School Entrance Examination Board- Or Sat Began1424 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized testing had only been added to America’s public education curriculum w hen â€Å"the common school movement began in earnest in the 1830s in New England as reformers†¦ began to argue successfully for a greater government role in the schooling of all children† (â€Å"Common School†). â€Å"By 1845 in the United States, public education advocate Horace Mann was calling for standardized essay testing† (Mathews), because he believed that â€Å"political stability and social harmony depended on universal education† (â€Å"CommonRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1145 Words   |  5 Pagesenforced by the United States government to improve primary and secondary education. NCLB required schools provides highly qualified teachers for students. NCLB also required the states administered set a proficiency standard, so-called Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP), which gradually increase the percentage of student that must meet the proficiency standard. The stats administrator also setup a standardize test for all the public schools students. The standardize tests measure students’ proficiency in

Hucleberry Finn Essay Free Essays

Winnie the Pooh didn’t take place during one of the most controversial times in American history, when slavery, King Cotton and Jim Crow ruled, when abolitionists and apologists were battling over the fundamental meaning of freedom and humanity, and when the north and the south kept disputing over the issue Of leaver that would eventually lead to the bloodiest war in American history†¦ The Civil War. By writing this book Mark Twain not only gave us an entertaining adventure and a picaresque novel, but also gave us a really deep and analytical synopsis of southern culture and the horrors of slavery. He was really subtle with his commentary on slavery itself, however focused a lot on racism especially by emphasizing racial slurs in dialogues and utilizing racial stereotypes. We will write a custom essay sample on Hucleberry Finn Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This in itself justifies its place in high school curriculum by presenting itself as an adventure book with a great deal of history in it, but it also proves that it’s an essential part of the curriculum and the hall of fame for great books, because it’s a book that makes you stop and think multiple times about not only the past, but the present and current racism happening in the country and around the world. Huckleberry Finn is a great historical novel, informative and realistic, when it came to slavery in the south during that era. The story starts in Missouri with Houck spending time with Tom and his band of robbers, and finally with his dad which he describes to be as â€Å"greasy and dirty†. He ends up escaping Missouri to run away from his dad and ends up meeting Jim who’s also trying to escape. The rest of the story involves them going further south until they can reach a river passage that would guide them north, to the Free states. Going further south always symbolized trouble, since the Deep South was the heart of slavery, and Border States treated slaves more â€Å"kindly/’ than southern states. That’s why Jim always expresses his fear of being sold further south, and that’s why at the end when they hear Uncle Sills thinking about selling Jim down south if no one claims him causes them to panic. Examples like this makes this book an amazing tool to use to explain what slavery in the south meant to kids. Other than slavery the book effectively depicts southern culture throughout Husk’s adventures. The scene where Houck gets on the gigantic raft, with the brawl in the middle, gives a realistic image Of what manhood and honor meant in the south, and how important they were. â€Å"They made fun of him till he got mad and jumped up and began to cuss the crowd, and said he could lam any thief in the lot. They was all about to make a break for him, but the biggest man there jumped up and says: ‘Set Wharton are, entitlement. Leave him to me; he’s my meat. â€Å"‘ (98) It shows how physical fortitude was particularly more important than it was in the north; and physical aggression more acceptable. The passage where it went: â€Å"The preaching was going under the same kinds of sheds, only they was bigger and held crowds of peoples†¦ ] The first shed we come to, the preacher was lining out a hymn. He lined out two lines, everybody sung it, and it was kind of grand to hear it, there was so many of them and they done it in such a rousing way[†¦ † (146-147) Showed importance of religion In society and the pep respect and trust people showed towards priests. Other important and common social practices such as lynching were mentioned a lot too, during the 19th century lynching was a big problem, surmounting 300 a year in some cases, and this was the biggest threat for the King and the Duke. People took justice into their own hands and towards the end when the village tarred and fe athered them, showing how they were not going to have a trial. The reality and harshness of society in the south was vividly portrayed in the book, and as a result this makes the book a valuable commodity to have in the class mom. The reason why this book is so essential for the classroom, and for outside of the classroom, is because the ingenious diction and technique Mark Twain used to get the readers to think critically on issues that plague our society even today. Houck never really breaks free of the racism surrounding him, but he manages to see through the curtain it makes. Mark Twain actively gives the feeling of both racial prejudice and childish sympathy Houck feels towards Jim in passages where Houck talks about Jim. An example of this was when Houck talks about]IM feeling sad about his family: I went to sleep, and Jim didn’t call me when it was my turn. He often done that. When I waked up, just at daybreak, he was setting there with his head down betwixt his knees, moaning and mourning to himself. I didn’t take notice, nor let on. I endowed what it was about. He was thinking about his wife and his children, away up yonder, and he was low and homesick; because he hadn’t ever been away from home before in his life; and I do believe he cared just as much for his people as white folks does for theirs. It don’t seem natural, but I reckon it’s so. He was often moaning and mourning that way, nights, when he judged I as asleep, and saying ‘Pop’ little ‘Elizabeth! Pop’ little Johnny! It mighty hard; I spec’ I anti ever Gwynne to see you no MO’! ‘ He was a mighty good Niger, Jim was. (170) This part is not only emotional for Houck and the reader as an observer, but really sad for Jim as well. Bondage of a whole race wasn’t only about economic necessities, social customs and politics but also about stories, experiences and incredible hardships. This book shows the human damage slavery had done upon African . Also an interesting thing to note is how Houck feels bad for him but still considers it abnormal for Jim to feel these linings, thus still giving the passage an underlying racist tone, to always remind us how much it was embedded in society all around the nation. The final passage involving a serious tone involving the dilemma of slavery and freedom was when Houck had to decide between ratting out Jim or not: [†¦ ]here was the plain hand of Providence slapping me in the face and letting me know my wickedness was being watched all the time from up there in heaven, whilst I was stealing a poor old woman’s Niger that hadn’t ever done me no harm So I got a piece of paper and a pencil, all glad and excited, ND set down and wrote and got to thinking over our trip down the river; and I see Jim before me we a floating along, talking and singing, and laughing. But somehow I couldn’t seem to strike no places to harden me against him, but only the other kind. [l] see him how glad he was when I come back out of the fog and how good he always was; and at last struck the time saved him by telling the men we had small-pox aboard, and he was so grateful, and said was the best friend old Jim ever had in the world, and the only one he’s got now; I’d got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, ND I endowed it. Tidied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself; ‘All right, then, I’ll go to hell’- and tore it up† (222-223) That celebrated crisis of conscience Houck experiences is a question. It makes the choices people back then made about the question Houck was pondering about clearer, and also shows the questions people are still trying to answer today. The immigration problem, Ferguson and Staten Island shows that we still struggle between doing the right and wrong thing. This elaborate language, and the continuous underlying tone of racism (Houck describing his hooch of freeing Jim as evil by concluding that he’ll go to hell for this is an example of the racist undertone in this passage) really makes this book excellent for young students stepping out into a world where they will face many controversial choices, and this also makes the book an irreplaceable masterpiece in American literature. How to cite Hucleberry Finn Essay, Essays

Negotiation Report Essay Example

Negotiation Report Paper Introduction Korea has been in a state of chaos for some time. They have survived many times of turmoil, such as the Korean War in 1950 that lasted until 1953. The ending of this war did not settle the civil dispute. There are many contradicting areas in Korea that effect business, for example, communist vs. anti communist, religious and non religious, idealist and collectivist, and those that are willing to work each other. Also Korea has a fear of doing business with Japan. Japans market is considerable larger than their and they worry that if business is done with Japan they would be overshadowed. This lack of interest to do business with Japan is also due to historical influences in Korea’s past Negotiation is a crucial aspect of all interorganizational relationships. No matter if it is a strategic alliance, joint venture, merger, acquisition, or just a sale of a product and a service, negotiation is a part that one cannot due without. As the section of international to domestic trade increases, so does the occurrence of business negotiations among people from different countries and cultures. Negotiation is a process in which at least one individual tries to persuade another individual to change his or her ideas or behaviors. And our groups focus is an investigation into negotiating orientations and behaviors of South Korea in comparison to that of the US. Basic Concept of Negotiation Process Distributive versus Integrative In the twelve dimensions of cross-cultural negotiations, we first start off by looking at the general model, in which consists of two components. We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first component which is the basic concept of the negotiation process includes two aspects, distributive and integrative. In the distributive perspective, negotiators â€Å"believe that there will be one winner and one loser,† and in order to do so, the negotiator needs to establish a kind of dominance in the negotiation process. Negotiators with these characteristics display a strong sense of individual concerns, and they have little interest or concern for others. Negotiators with an integrative perspective on the other hand believe that â€Å"mutually beneficial solutions can be generated. Integrative negotiators tend to take a problem solving approach in order to better exchange information, where they can focus on the different interests of both parties to find a common ground, and effective solution. South Koreans lie on the high end of the integrative perspective. They share their information about their own interests, but also seek to obtain information about the other party’s interests. During a negotiation, both party’s react to each other’s arguments until both negotiators reach an agreement. Most Significant Type of Issue Task-Based versus Relationship-Based Contacts and personal relationships are very important, since South Koreans tend be suspicious of people whom they do not know or those with whom they do not have mutual contact. Koreans want to do business with people whom they have formed a personal connection with or whereby a mutual mediator, friend or acquaintance has made an introduction. Drinking is often the introduction to any business negotiation done in South Korea. Some South Korean businesspeople often believe that they will get to know a business partner far better after having a few drinks. They also use drinking locations to resolve a sensitive problem or to close a difficult business deal. In order to establish a more personal relationship, South Koreans may ask extremely personal questions regarding their counterpart’s age, salary, education, religion, and family life. If individuals feel uncomfortable and don’t want to answer, the appropriate course of action would be to remain polite but try to gracefully sidestep the questions asked. In most cases, South Koreans make these inquires because they think that they can establish a relationship by finding common denominators. These questions may also be asked in order to determine their counterpart’s status, which means everything in the South Korean culture. For the age/status conscious Koreans, it is important to guess and know the approximate age or relative status of their counterparts. When a negotiation in South Korea finally takes place, personal relationships usually take priority over business. Often, the first meeting is used in getting to know their counterpart and to establish a bond. When served a cup of tea or a cup of coffee at the beginning of the meeting, these are usually accepted as an offering of hospitality even though the individual may have had several cups already. They aren’t required to drink it all, but drinking some would show a sign of respect. In South Korea, an individual should always keep a formal appearance as long as their counterpart does, and should refrain from appearing overly friendly. Giving gifts to acquire favors or to build relationships is also a common practice in a business setting in South Korea. Good gifts for a first trip may include office items with the representing company’s logo or something that is commemorative of their home region, but shouldn’t be items made in undeveloped countries, unless they are cultural icons or souvenirs. It is also very common to be invited out after business hours to a restaurant or bar where there will be a lot of alcohol served. If a person doesn’t enjoy drinking, they can gently ask their host where and to what kind of place they are going. They can choose not to join them by giving valid reasons. For South Koreans, informal outings are an important part of establishing and judging the character of the other person. Also, a person should be aware that comments and promises made on these occasions can be taken seriously afterwards. A respectful, lasting connection is the basis for a successful business relationship in South Korea. To solidify this rapport, it is important that a person remains sincere and honest in their business dealings. Keeping in touch after the meeting is also very important. Selection of Negotiators Abilities versus Status In South Korea, the status of the individual is more important than their abilities. For example, when entering a group meeting, the senior member of the party should enter the room first, then the next highest ranking person, and so on. Moreover, the South Koreans will be seated according to their rank and guests must seat appropriately with their counterparts. Another aspect of their status culture involves gifts. When gifts are given to several people within a South Korean organization, a gift of greater value must be given to the senior representative. The gifts given to that person’s subordinates may be similar, as long as they are of lesser value than the one given to their superior. An alternative measure may be giving a gift that the whole team can enjoy. Since people are judged according to their status in South Korea, their status should be emphasized on a business card. This gives the recipient an idea of that individual’s job responsibility and assists him or her in determining the amount of decision-making authority they have. Most importantly, knowing an individual’s status assists a person’s contact in matching with a person who is of a similar rank. When selecting a negotiation team, an effort should be made to find out who will be the participants in the South Korean delegation. Then, it must be ensured that the people chosen to represent a country match the rank of the South Korean members. A mismatch may prove to be embarrassing to both sides. Sending a senior representative can be perceived as a sign of serious interest and commitment. In South Korea, presidents, supervisors and managers tend to have more power over their subordinates than they might have in a similar Western organization. It is so embedded, that it very difficult for a Korean to criticize or go against what his or her senior thinks or wants. Consequently, subordinates have little choice, but to follow their seniors’ instructions. Furthermore, depending on the corporate culture, some may have more egalitarian relationships. Presidents, especially those in larger organizations, typically assign responsibility. When introduced to people occupying high positions in South Korea, they will sometimes know little about the particular project, and will refer an individual to the appropriate person. Presidents and supervisors will often trust dependable subordinates, so it is important not to offend or ignore the lower ranks. Individual’s Aspirations Individual versus Community South Korea is a collectivist culture, so the group, rather than the individual, succeeds. Loyalty to family and friends is very important. There is strong feeling of interdependency among the members of the group. South Koreans tend to think in â€Å"group terms† rather than â€Å"individual terms† for two reasons: Confucianism and patriotism. Therefore, it may be helpful to argue for group benefits in order to close a deal. South Korean negotiators tend to incorporate structures and the concept of family into their negotiating style. That is, in the traditional family, the father is the unquestioned authority with almost absolute power. The father bears the full responsibility for the welfare and future of the family. Similarly, South Korean negotiators employ a strong authoritarian style in order to obtain the greatest benefit for their community, while still seeking the advice of other group members. South Korea still observes the Confucian ethics based on a strong belonging to the group. You could say that they often think in group terms. In other words, what is in the best interest of the group or how can harmony within the group be maintained. Hence, the majority of South Koreans are intensely patriotic, calling South Korea by the term, â€Å"oo-ri-na-ra,† meaning our country. Therefore, with that in mind, the benefits to the group, whether it is to the company or country, should be persuasively put forth in order to close a business deal. Internal Decision-Making Process Independent versus Consensus In South Korea, decisions are made with the consensus of the group, with deference given to the oldest or senior member. The senior member takes the initiative in making the decision, but they consult extensively with the other group members. What is more impressive is that the decisions are based more on emotion and concern for the harmony of the group rather than just cold bottom-line calculations. Since a consensus is important, there are usually lengthy discussions before decisions are made. As result, South Korean business negotiations will usually take longer when compared to Western cultures, so patience will be necessary. Orientation Toward Time Monochronic versus Polychronic After taking a look at the role of the individual, we now need to look at interaction dispositions during a negotiation. The three components in this section, orientation toward time, risk-taking propensity, and basis of trust all contribute to the dispositions of interaction during a negotiation. In the orientation toward time component two aspects stand out for comparison, monochronic and polychronic. Since the orientation toward time dimension refers to the value each party places on time, in monochronic cultures people pay attention to and handle tasks one at a time. And in polychronic cultures people also do schedule appointments but they will â€Å"complete a task or conclude a meeting even if it is necessary to go beyond time originally set aside for that particular task. † South Korean negotiators come from more of a polychronic culture. They place greater emphasis on personal interaction than on keeping to a schedule. They probably feel that time is never wasted, because taking time to know their counterparts and building a relationship is an important task. Risk-Taking Propensity Risk Averse versus Risk Tolerant The second component in the dispositions of interaction is risk-taking propensity. This refers to negotiators’ willingness to take risks. In this component there are two dimensions as well, risk-averse and risk tolerant. Risk-averse negotiators will take steps to avoid the risk of failing to come to an agreement, and risk tolerant negotiators adopt a perspective that there is a level of acceptable risk that should be taken in a negotiation. Risk tolerant negotiators show greater willingness to run the risk of failing to come to an agreement by making fewer concessions or by demanding more. South Korean negotiators tend to be on the risk-averse side, because they may be more likely to make concessions in order to avoid the risk of failing to come to an agreement. They may also â€Å"accept lower rewards for a higher probability of success. † Basis of Trust External to the Parties versus Internal to the Relationship The last component in the dispositions of interaction is the basis of trust. Trust is â€Å"one party’s belief that the other party will take action to honor agreements that have been reached. † In this case there are two aspects of this trust, one external to the parties, and the other is internal to the relationship. In the external to the parties situation, negotiators trust the other party because a contract has been negotiated and agreed to, which can be litigated and enforced. And in the internal to the relationship situation, negotiators trust the other party because they have invested in a relationship that has been built up over time and they believe that the other party is committed to it. The South Korean negotiators lie on the high end of the internal to the relationship aspect, because like most other Asian countries, relationships between parties are what matters the most. Negotiators expect that the other party will consider unique and changing written circumstances over the life of the relationship, and they think that a trust worthy partner is one who strives to maintain the relationship possible by modifying an existing contact to reflect new developments. Concern with Protocol Informal vs. Formal The process of negotiating with another culture is one of the most important factors in a successful transaction. If there is not enough research, and a company decides to enter a venture blindfolded it could be disastrous. There are roughly five steps involved in the negotiating process, preparation, relationship building, exchanging task-related information, persuasion, and finally an agreement. These are not necessarily a set order and they are often intertwined with one another. Also involved in these segments are concerns with protocol, style of communication, nature of persuasion, and the type of agreement. Over the course of the next few pages the negotiation process will be discussed in-depth about dealing with South Korean affiliates. South Koreans are informal dealing with business situations and concentrate on relationship building. They prefer to develop a relationship with their business associates. They also expect to continue the relationship after negotiation is finished. This also means that it may take more time to actually begin business. Dinner, lunch, tea, alcoholic beverages and night life, such as Karaoke, are possible social events that could be used as means of getting to know your business affiliate or for further negotiation. Korean men often compete with drinking; it is not uncommon for a friend to be holding up another friend due to intoxication. It is also an insult if someone buys a drink and it is not accepted. This socializing creates trust in a new business partner and although informal, it allows for a smoother negotiation process. After a few socializing events, business meetings are still informal. When the meeting begins tea is served and then after small talk, negotiation commences. Then through out the meeting smoke breaks may occur regularly, since a majority of the people in South Korea smoke. According to Executive Planet. com, â€Å"Let’s make a deal-Part 1†, â€Å"During negotiations, some Koreans will jump from one topic to another, rather than following the agenda. Similar questions may be asked on numerous occasions by different negotiators†. This is how South Koreans gather their information. They are informal, and do not have a linear time frame. They like for a question to be answer immediately after it has entered their head. They are not concerned with getting off track or continuing a meeting to another date. South Koreans are also occasionally late for appointments. This is not uncommon in there culture. It is understood that traffic or a personal inconvenience has developed and they will be at the appointment shortly. Style of Communication Low-Context vs. High Context Communication is not simply relaying an idea. In South Korea people are higher context than Americans. High context means that, â€Å"feelings and thoughts are not explicitly expressed; instead, one has to read between the lines and interpret meaning from one’s general understanding† (Managing across boarder, p. 137). Communication has many different faces, such as verbal and nonverbal. In South Korea the nonverbal plays a much higher role in communication than does the verbal information on its own. Nonverbal consist of kenesic behavior, proxemics, paralanguage and object language. A list of nonverbal communication is listed below (Managing across borders, p. 136) ?Facial expressions ?Body posture ?Gestures with hands, arms, head, ect. ? Interpersonal distance ? Touching, body contact ? Eye contact ? Clothing, cosmetics, hairstyle, jewelry ?Paralanguage (voice pitch and inflections, rate of speech, and silence ? Color symbolism ?Attitude toward time and the use of time in business and social interactions ? Food symbolism and social use of meals Kenesic behavior is a person’s body language, which include the first half of the list above, except for interpersonal distance. A hand shake is an example of kenesic behavior. In South Korea it is a custom to shake with your right hand and support your forearm of your right hand with your left. However the handshake should be week, a strong handshake would seem aggressive. Other forms of kenesic behavior of South Koreans are, passing food with both hands to an elder out of respect, not crossing your legs in front of an authority figure, and keeping the soles of your shoes faced downward. This form of communication plays a large role in negotiating with this culture. Everyone needs to feel respected. Interpersonal distance is a form of proxemics. It is how much space we put between ourselves and another person, and how we space out our environments. South Koreans are a low contact culture; they would rather have more space between themselves and another. According to the Executive planet. com South Koreans do not have offices. It is an open atmosphere and instead of knocking on a door to announce your arrival, a cough, or clearing your thought is used to make the other person aware you need their attention. Paralanguage is interpreting how something is said, the speed, tone, and mood of the person saying. Take for instance someone telling you a simple no. Saying it quickly and laughing can be taken unserious. However pausing, and then saying it slowly could be interpreted as uncertainty. According to the Executive Planet . com, â€Å"Sucking in air through your teeth is one way to signal a definite answer of ‘no’† or â€Å"A lukewarm response such as ‘maybe’ accompanied by squinting of eyes or tipping the head back may also be used to express a ‘no’ answer†. (Executive Planet. com, Let’s make a deal-part 3). Lastly Object language is the type of clothing you were, colors and possibly how your business card is designed. Color can be very symbolic and mean many different things; white for example is generally interpreted as pure, and serene. Red on the other hand can mean, anger, or sensuality. Nature of Persuasion Factual-Inductive vs. Affective The type of persuasion used is an element in the negotiation process that needs to be understood thoroughly. This is also a mixture of communication, and protocol. It is important that a solid relationship has been established and trust in your associate has been created. With out this negotiation will be difficult. It is where the most planning needs to be made. South Korea is an affective society, meaning they make decisions emotionally, not deductively. This could mean emotional outburst, or frustrated non-verbal communication. They think collectively as apposed to individually. According to The guide to cross-cultural success, Doing Business Internationally, Inhwa, â€Å"is a key factor influencing South Korean business behavior, Inhwa stresses harmony by linking people of unequal rank, prestige and power through reciprocal and mutually beneficial system of loyalty. †(The guide to cross-cultural success, Doing Business Internationally, p. 269). So persuasion not only needs to push concern for the company, but push concern for Koreans as a family. Other forms of persuasion are gift giving. This is appropriate as long as economic consideration is not overlooked. If an expensive gift is given to someone of lesser economic status, that person would not be able to reciprocate the same value of that gift. This would cause that person to lose face. According to Executive Planet. com, â€Å"Saving face, is an important concept to understand. In South Korean business culture, a person’s reputation and social standing rests on this concept†. Executive Planet. com, Let’s make a deal –part 2). This is the same concept of pride in the United States. Form of Agreement Explicit Contract vs. Implicit Agreement South Koreans make implicit agreements. Even if a contract has been signed this does not mean that negotiation is over. This is often a sign that they are willing to further negotiate. According to a book called, Learning to think Korean, signing a contract, â€Å"usually takes the form of trying to get you to ease up on conditions to which only their reluctant consent was given before signing. It does no good to remind him that he has already agreed to that condition and signed his name to it†. (Learning to think Korean, p. 159) The process of coming to an agreement intertwines all of what we have talked about, communication, relationships, protocol, planning, and persuasion. Overall it takes lots of time and patience to come to a finalized agreement. Recommendations for an American Manager Negotiating effectively cross-culturally is one of the single most important global business skills. Global negotiations contain all of the complexity of domestic negotiations, with the added dimensions of cultural diversity. There are some drastic differences between American and Korean negotiation orientations and behaviors. And after seeing the twelve dimensions of cross cultural negotiations on South Korean, some recommendations should be made to an American negotiator who would have to consider before going into a negotiation. Although South Koreans are informal with protocol be sure not to insult them by being too informal or formal. When you are out socializing do not decline a drink, be it tea, coffee, or an alcoholic beverage. This would be taken as an insult. It is appropriate to continues drinking until the senior or highest ranked person has decided they are finished. If you do not drink alcoholic beverages, explain this, but still participate in the socializing. If you are a woman in the South Korean culture it is inappropriate to drink heavily. In addition even though it is expectable for a Korean to be a little late it is not for a guest, make sure to schedule ample time to get where you are going. Always be aware of your non verbal language. In the United States we cross our legs, have strong handshakes, and blow our noses where ever we are. All of these are insults in the Korean culture. Americans can sometimes seem very direct and almost cold toned. Be aware of this, it will only cause negativity amongst your Korean associates. Remain patient, South Koreans like to take there time. They have a completely different thinking process. Americans think about the end result. South Koreans dissect every aspect of a situation individually before thinking about the end result. By showing frustration, it will cause an adverse affect. It will only create more issues to discuss further and analyze. In dealing with Asian negotiators, knowledge of cultural differences is very important. Although they said that â€Å"knowledge of the Korean culture and language is imperative to success† (â€Å"Business†). For example, the attitudes towards law and sanctity of the contract are different between Westerners and Koreans. In the Western view, contract â€Å"sets out duties and responsibilities for each side and is supposedly sacrosanct† (â€Å"Business†). Although in Korea view, the contract is considered â€Å"an organic document which can change as conditions evolve† (â€Å"Business†). So American negotiators should have this concept already in mind before going into a negotiation with Korean negotiators. Another example of culture differences is in the use of â€Å"expensive gifts and lavish entertainment† as a part of business practice in South Korea. When American negotiators first arrive in Korea, the Korean counterparts might invite them to dinners; take them to a night out, etc. But what American negotiators should take in mind is that this is not a kind of bribery, but rather just how South Koreans do business and build relationships. Work Cited Business Social Etiquette, 24-Apr-2003 21:36, 29-Apr-2004, http://www. craxycolour. com/os/southkorea_02. shtml Cultural Business Considerations for South Korea, Michigan District Export Council, 29-Apr-2004, http://www. exportmichigan. com/korea_cultural_business_considerations. htm Dersky, Helen. International Management, Managing across Borders and Cultures, Pearson Education Inc. , Upper Saddle River New Jersey, 1994 Doing Business in South Korea (with description), Asia travelinfo. com. 19-July-2001 29-Apr-2004, http://www. asiatravelingo. om/south%20korea/doingbusiness. asp Kohls, Robert L. Learning to think Korean, â€Å"A Guide to living and Working in Korea†. Intercultural Press. Yarmouth, ME. 2001 Metcalf, Lynn Bird, Allen. Cultural Influences on Negotiation Behaviors: Resurrecting and Revitalizing an Overlooked Framework. Lynn Metcalf Allen Bird, 2003 South Korean Business Culture, Executive Planet. com, 29-Apr-204 http://www. executiveplanet. com/busi ness-culture-in/132166436472. html Walker, Walker, Schmitz, The Guide to cross-cultural success, Doing business Internationally.

A Comparsion Between Modern Day Soilders And Medie Essays

A Comparsion Between Modern Day Soilders And Medie Essays A Comparsion Between Modern Day Soilders And Medieval Knights In Medieval Times, A Knight was a mounted man-at-arms of medieval Europe. He served a king or other feudal superior, usually in return for the tenure of a tract of land, but sometimes he served his lord for money. The knight was generally a man of noble birth who had served in the lower ranks as page and squire before being ceremoniously inducted into knighthood by his superior. At his induction the knight usually swore to be brave, loyal, and courteous and to protect the defenseless. After the 15th century, knighthood was conferred on civilians as a reward for public services. A knight in armor would present a very strange appearance on a modern battlefield. His prancing steed and metal coat of mail, the heavy iron helmet that covered his head, the shield that he carried on his left arm, his lance and shining swordall of these belong to bygone days and have little place among the swift airplanes, the rapid-shooting automatic weapons, and the scorching flame-throwers of modern warfare. Knighthood flourished before the time of guns and gunpowder when battles still were won by hand-to-hand conflicts of heavy-armored knights. Even in peacetime knights looked for conflicts in which to engage. Fighting was almost an everyday occurrence, and the common people generally could not protect themselves against an invading foe. In times of danger they fled to the castles or strongholds owned by the nobles. To obtain protection the poorer folk became the serfs or villains of their powerful neighbors, and those in turn were the vassals of those still more powerful. The institution of knighthood was part of this feudal system. In modern-day Britain, knighthood is an honor conferred by the monarch on both men and women in recognition of outstanding personal merit. The knight is usually created through appointment to an order of knighthood. The title sir or dame is prefixed to his or her first name, and initials standing for the order of knighthood follow the name. For example, John Smith, on receiving the title of Knight Commander of the Order of the Garter, is afterward known as Sir John Smith, K.G. Knighthood is also occasionally conferred without membership in a particular order. A knight so created is known as a Knight Bachelor, and the name is followed by the abbreviation Kt., standing for knight. -modern day British soldiers Modern Day Knights known as soldiers is a military force of the British with the chief responsibility for land combat. The British Army includes the active-duty army, the British Army Reserve, and civilian employees, all under the direction of the Department of the Army. The Army

18 Best Love Flowers A Practical Guide to Romantic Flowers

18 Best Love Flowers A Practical Guide to Romantic Flowers SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Buying flowers for a significant other can be a nerve-wracking experience. You want to choose a bouquet that’s in your budget, pretty, and will send the right message. Luckily, we’re here to help you craft the perfect bouquet of love flowers. In this article, we’ll first discuss what factors are important to consider when crafting romantic bouquets and Valentine’s flowers. Then, we’ll provide suggestions for the most appropriate flowers for the early phases of a new relationship, an established relationship, weddings, and anniversaries. We’ll wrap up with some flowers to avoid for romantic purposes. 4 Key Considerations When Creating a Romantic Bouquet There are several factors to consider as you try to choose the best flowers for love and romance purposes. Some are more practical, like cost and availability. But you should also consider the flower’s symbolic message and the personality of the recipient. Cost There are a couple of facets to cost: how much you can actually afford, and what cost level is appropriate for the occasion and relationship. Only you can really determine how much you can afford. But there are romantic flowers at pretty much all price points, and we’ve provided a helpful price index for all the flowers listed in this article: $ = 3 dollars per stem $$ = 8 dollars per stem $$$ = 8+ dollars per stem In terms of what is appropriate, in the early stages of a relationship, spending hundreds of dollars on an elaborate arrangement may come across as too much. You want to charm the recipient, not alarm them! However, it’s quite appropriate to be more extravagant in the context of a longer, more established relationship to mark significant milestones or occasions, if your finances allow it. For events like weddings, you might spend quite a lot on flowers. The Knot advises that you can expect to spend around 8% of your total wedding budget on all the flowers. For the budget-conscious, the Huffington Post has some sage tips on keeping wedding flower costs down. Buckets of wedding flowers could cost buckets of money! Seasonality/Availability/Climate Consider what love flowers are in season at any given point in time. Flowers that are in season locally will almost invariably be cheaper than something that has to be flown in from a thousand miles away. And some rarer flowers may simply not be available at particular points in the year. Seasonality is listed in this guide, but if you want further guidance as to what’s available at a given point in the year, consult with a florist. Additionally, flowers that do well in your particular climate will last longer and look better over time. This is especially true for any situation where the flowers will be outside and/or out of water for a long time. (Read: weddings). Symbolic Message After you’ve considered the practical parameters of your flower-buying endeavor, consider what the flowers you’re sending mean. Some meanings are obvious and well-known: red roses signify passionate love. Others, like the sweet pea, have less obvious meanings. (The sweet pea signifies lasting pleasure and bliss, FYI). However, the most meaningful bouquet will carry some symbolic significance beyond just â€Å"these flowers are pretty and I like/love you.† (That is a fine message to be sending! Just not the most thoughtful). There are also a few flowers you may want to avoid gifting due to their symbolic significance as specifically un-romantic flowers. See the last section of this article for a note on those. Ranunculus and white roses: means "you are charming," new beginnings, and soul deep love. Personality of the Recipient Unless someone actively dislikes flowers (which is possible and something you should try to find out before you give them to someone), most people will be happy to receive flowers of love from anyone they care about. However, for the most meaningful bouquet, consider the personality of the recipient. Are they a traditional romantic who would be happiest to get a bouquet of roses or lilies? Do they have subtle and subdued tastes better suited for lilac, aster, gladiolus, or sweet pea? Or maybe they are bold and unconventional and would appreciate bird-of-paradise or a potted orchid. Try your best to choose flowers that match the tastes of the recipient. Courtship and Early Romance Flowers When you’re trying to first express romantic feelings for someone or are in the earliest stages of a relationship, overly showy or intense flowers can come across as too much, too soon. However, subtler flowers with a more discreet message is a sweet and appropriate way to express romantic admiration. The following romantic flowers are excellent choices for the early stages of a new relationship. Aster Also called: Starwort, Michaelmas Daisy Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Year-round; fall peak About This Love Flower The name â€Å"Aster† comes from the Greek and Latin words for â€Å"star.† Ancient Greek legend says the goddess Astraea looked down on earth from the sky and wept when she saw that there were no stars on earth. Her tears became the Aster flower. This flower represents daintiness, elegance, and small beginnings. It’s also a love talisman. These qualities make it an appropriate choice for the early stages of romance. The blooms are small and dainty and the flower comes in delicate, soothing colors of pink, white, purple, and blue. The aster expresses romantic admiration in a subtle and not overbearing way. Gerbera Daisy Also Called: Gerber Daisy, African Daisy, Transvaal Daisy Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower The Gerbera daisy is a bright and cheerful flower that blooms in a huge variety of bright colors. They symbolize cheerfulness, joy, and innocence. Because they are fairly hardy and last well over a week when cut, they are a common bouquet flower at all times of the year. They are readily available for purchase and fairly affordable. Gerbera daisies will bring cheer in the early stage of a relationship as an early flower for love. Hyacinth Also Called: Hyacinthus Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Winter, spring About This Love Flower The hyacinth flower gets its name from a Greek myth. Hyacinth was the young lover of Apollo, but Zephyr also admired Hyacinth. In his jealousy, he caused Apollo’s discus to strike Hyacinth, killing him. In his grief, Apollo transformed Hyacinth’s spilled blood into the hyacinth flower. As such, the hyacinth was dedicated to Apollo. Perhaps due to this myth, the hyacinth symbolizes young love. In 19th-century France, the flower communicated a kind of desperate, all-consuming love. The English connotation was more flirtatious and playful. In Victorian flower language, the different colors of purple, blue and white communicated different messages. Now, the message of young love remains, making hyacinth an ideal flower for a new courtship. Lilac Also Called: Syringa Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Spring, summer About This Love Flower With its heady scent and clusters of tiny blooms, lilacs are a welcome sign of the coming summer. To the Victorians, this flower represented the first emotions of love. This symbolism still holds today, as the lilac represents the earliest blush of love and the beginning of summer. The lilac also represents the bittersweet sadness of new lovers when they are forced to part for even a moment. Lilac is not as commonly available for purchase as some of the other flowers described here. You probably won’t find it in the grocery store. However, it’s in many cutting gardens and you may be able to buy it through a dedicated florist. If you are lucky enough to have access to lilacs for cutting, a bouquet of fresh-cut lilac is a stunning gift for a new paramour. Ranunculus Also Called: Buttercup (some species in the genus) Cost Range (per stem): $-$$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round (winter-spring peak) About This Love Flower Small but lush ranunculus comes in many colors and makes a sweet bouquet. It sends the message that the recipient is charming and attractive- the perfect message for an early-romance gift! The message is the same regardless of the color, so pick whatever color your paramour will like best. These flowers can last up to a week in a vase. Valentine's Flowers and Romantic Flowers For a more established relationship, you may want to go with more opulent love flowers. Valentine’s day is a key occasion where your partner may want (or even expect!) beautiful flowers. We offer several floral options for a range of personalities and tastes that are appropriate for romantic occasions. Bird of Paradise Also Called: Strelitzia, crane flower Cost Range (Per Stem): $$ Seasonal Availability: Winter, spring (tropical climates) About This Love Flower The exotic and striking Bird of Paradise is named for the tropical bird that it resembles. This showy flower signifies the wonderfully unexpected, magnificence, paradise, royalty, and joyfulness. For a lover who is bold and unconventional, an arrangement with bird of paradise captures an exuberant, opulent spirit. This makes it a perfect romantic flower for the right personality. This flower of lovesis native to South Africa. As the Bird of Paradise thrives in heat and humidity, they can be somewhat expensive outside of those climes. However, this flower is worth springing for to commemorate a truly special occasion! Carnations (Red) Also Called: Dianthus Caryophyllus, Clove Pink Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower The hardy carnation is thought to be native to the Mediterranean region. The carnation has historically been associated with love and marriage. Renaissance portraits often depicted betrothed couples holding a carnation. Red carnations in particular send a message of intense love and admiration. Red carnations are an affordable Valentine bouquet option when other Valentine’s day flowers are out of reach of your budget. They are a good option for affordable love flowers and romantic bouquets in general. They can last up to three weeks when cut and communicate passionate love without breaking the bank. Gladiolus Also Called: Gladiola, Sword Lily Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Year-round, summer peak About This Love Flower With its blade-like sheaf of blooms, the gladiolus indicated to the Victorians that the receiver had pierced the sender’s heart. Now the flower symbolizes grace, fidelity, honor, and a strong character. Gladiolus is an excellent flower to express deep admiration for a significant other. It is especially appropriate for a more subtle personality- the type of person who might be overwhelmed by an enormous bouquet of oriental lilies or two dozen red roses. Lily Also Called: Lilium Cost Range (Per Stem): $$-$$$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower The lily is known for its notably sizable blooms. The genus has incredible variation in color and pattern. The lily has been a sacred flower since ancient times. In the ancient near east it was associated with Ishtar, the goddess of love and fertility. Similarly, in Rome, the lily was a symbol of Venus; in Greece, a symbol of Hera. As Christianity overtook older traditions, the lily came to be associated with the Virgin Mary. In the Victorian era, it was the highest flattery to compare a woman to the Virgin Mary. As such, comparing a woman to a lily, Mary’s emblem, was to pay her high honor indeed. The white lily in particular symbolized purity, chastity, innocence, and modesty. The connotations of purity still persist somewhat, particularly with the white lily. However, lilies have also come to signify perfection, majesty, and excellence. Thus, it is a high compliment to gift someone lilies. Many consider lilies to be an incredibly romantic flower. As a showy and even bombastic floral option, lilies are one of the most striking and magnificent flowers of love. For a Valentine’s bouquet or other romantic occasion, lilies are an excellent choice. However, note that lilies are very poisonous to cats. So only give in a cat-free household! Or if your significant other has a cat, consider sending the flowers to their workplace if you know they won’t mind. Orchid Also Called: Orchidaceae Cost Range (Per Stem): $$-$$$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower The tropical orchid family includes some of the most prized and exquisite of flowers. There are over 28,000 orchid species, displaying an astonishing variety of color, shape, size, and scent. The orchid symbolizes the exotic, the ecstatic, and the luxurious. It also signifies mature elegance, beauty, and refinement. However, orchids are not particularly common as a cut flower. This is because the actual flower stems are short, making the flowers incredibly hard to maintain in a bouquet. It’s more common to give an orchid as a potted houseplant. If your significant other has an interest in horticulture and would actually enjoy taking care of a plant, the orchid can be a romantic choice. The orchid is a meaningful romantic flower for love that sends the message that the receiver is highly prized and valued. But again- make sure your partner won’t be irritated that they need to take care of a plant! Roses (Red, Purple, or Orange) Also Called: Rosa Cost Range (Per Stem): $-$$$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower Roses are associated with love and romance and have been for centuries. In ancient Greece, the red rose was associated with Aphrodite, goddess of love. It was also an emblem of her Roman counterpart, Venus. To the Victorians, the rose signified love, and the deeper the love, the deeper the color. Red roses meant passionate love. Today, the rose is still primarily associated with love and beauty. Red roses in particular carry the signal of passion, desire, and romantic love. Today, red Valentine roses have become so ubiquitous as to be almost cliche. However, while red roses are undeniably love flowers, Valentine’s day may not actually be the best occasion to gift them. The flowers will be dramatically more expensive (think up to 400% increase in cost). The blooms themselves may also be of lower quality. So for Valentine’s flowers, consider expressing your flower-love some other way. Say, with one of the other blooms in this section! If you must do Valentine’s day roses, consider opting for another color. Purple and orange roses also have romantic messages, and can make truly striking arrangements. Purple roses send a message of enchantment. Lavender roses connote love at first sight. A deeper purple speaks of majesty, fascination, and adoration. That’s a romantic message for sure! Purple roses are especially appropriate for a significant other with a mystical turn of mind. Orange roses mean fascination, desire, passion, and energy. It’s a supercharged, zingy romantic flower. Coral roses convey an intense desire. Sweet Pea Also Called: Lathyrus odoratus Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Winter, spring About This Love Flower The sweet pea is native to the Mediterranean. This climbing flower emits a sweet honeyed scent when it blooms. With its profusion of blooms, it’s a well-loved choice for cutting gardens. It’s a little more difficult to find for purchase, but a specialty florist should be able to point you in the right direction. These blooms come in many colors, most commonly whites, pinks, blues and purples. The sweet pea was a hugely popular flower during the Victorian era, when it symbolized lasting pleasure and easy luxury. The sweet pea still symbolizes pleasure and bliss. If you’re looking for unique and sweet flowers for Valentine’s day or another romantic occasion, sweet peas fit the bill. Tulips (Red or Purple) Also Called: Tulipa Cost Range (Per Stem): $-$$ Seasonal Availability: Winter, spring About This Love Flower Originally native to the mountains and steppes of central Asia, the perennial tulip has become one of the most popular flowers worldwide for both gardens and bouquets. The tulip is a romantic flower, whose strongest symbolic associations are with love and creativity. However, red and purple are the most romantic tulip colors by far. Red tulips signal a declaration of love. This symbolism comes from Persia. There, it’s said that the red of the petals represent the fire of the suitor’s love. The black center is the suitor’s heart, burned to coal by the strength and heat of their love. Purple tulips signify royalty. For an extra-special bouquet, consider mixing red and purple tulips. If you’re looking for an alternative to Valentine roses, tulips are a great choice. Tulips make great love flowers because of their vibrant blooms and meaningful symbolism. They also last a decent amount of time- about ten days- when cut. The Best Wedding Flowers Pretty much all of the flowers already mentioned would be appropriate for wedding bouquets, boutonnieres, centerpieces, etc. However, several additional flowers are particularly well-suited to weddings. Calla Lily Also Called: Zantedeschia aethiopica, arum lily, trumpet lily Cost Range (per stem): $$-$$$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round (summer peak) About This Love Flower The calla lily is named for the Greek word for â€Å"beautiful.† Interestingly, the calla lily does not actually have a bloom. The part we think of as the flower is actually a leaf. They come in many colors, including bright orange and striking purple. However, they are most commonly used for weddings in their white incarnation. Calla lilies symbolize majestic beauty. White calla lilies represent purity, modesty, marital bliss and devotion. Purple calla lilies would also be appropriate, as they symbolize royalty and passion. Calla lilies come in both large and small varieties, making them ideal for both bouquets and boutonnieres. Lily of the Valley Also Called: Convallaria majalis, May bells Cost Range (Per Stem): $$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round, spring peak About This Love Flower The humble but striking lily of the valley was the emblem of the Norse goddess of the dawn, Ostara. In Christian lore, it’s said that the lily of the valley sprang from the tears of Mary as she wept at the cross. The lily of the valley represents purity, sweetness, and a renewal of happiness. This makes it a great choice for a wedding bouquet- especially one that’s not too neat or fussy. It’s fairly expensive on a per-stem basis. But only a few are necessary to make a beautiful bouquet. It can also be accented nicely with other flowers. Orange Blossom Also Called: Citrus Sinensis Cost Range (Per Stem): Not a typical bouquet flower; discuss with a florist Seasonal Availability: Spring About This Love Flower When the orange tree blooms- usually in April- it bears beautiful, fragrant white flowers. These flowers are closely associated with weddings in many cultures. It’s said that the crusaders brought the practice back to Europe from the Middle East, where Saracen brides wore the blossoms as a symbol of fecundity. In Victorian England the blossoms came to signify a bride’s purity. In Japan, orange blossoms symbolize chastity and eternal love. The blossoms have remained symbolic of a fruitful marriage, loveliness, and innocence. For a traditional (and pleasantly fragrant) wedding flower experience, use orange blossoms in the bridal headpiece or bouquet. Roses (White) Also Called: Rosa Cost Range (Per Stem): $-$$$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower The white rose bears many different shades of meaning. It’s said that white roses accompanied the birth of Aphrodite from the sea. In the Christian era the white rose was associated with the Virgin Mary. To the Victorians, it signified chastity and innocence. The white rose most traditionally symbolizes purity. However, it also symbolizes new beginnings, loyalty, and soul-deep love. This make it a very appropriate wedding flower. Cream roses in particular are considered very bridal flowers. Stephanotis Also Called: Madagascar jasmine, bridal flower Cost Range (per stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower White, trumpet-shaped Stephanotis is native to Africa and heavily perfumed. Its also the quintessential wedding flower, as it symbolizes marital happiness. Its delicate blooms, sweet scent, and symbolic meaning make it an extremely popular flower for wedding bouquets and boutonnieres. It can be a filler in an arrangement with larger blooms, or clusters of stephanotis can be the focal point. Wedding Anniversary Flowers When you’re picking flowers for a wedding anniversary, first ask yourself: Do I want to give the traditional flower associated with the anniversary, or do I want to branch out? If your spouse doesn’t even know that there are specific anniversary flowers, you’re probably better off choosing something you know s/he will appreciate. Any of the romantic flower choices could be good choices for anniversary flowers. If, however, your think your spouse would appreciate receiving the traditional anniversary bouquet for your designated year of marriage, here’s a chart with the breakdown. (Note that past the fifteenth year, there aren’t flowers for every year anymore!) Chart Anniversary Flower 1st Carnation 2nd Lily of the valley 3rd Sunflower 4th Hydrangea 5th Daisy 6th Calla lily 7th Freesia 8th Lilac 9th Bird of paradise 10th Daffodil th Tulip 12th Peony 13th Chrysanthemum 14th Orchid 15th Roses 20th Aster 25th Iris 30th Lily 40th Gladiolus 50th Yellow roses and violets This could be a beautiful anniversary bouquet. Love Flowers To Avoid You have a lot of options for flowers of love. But what about flowers you should avoid? Here are a few types of flowers you may want to leave out of your romantic bouquets. Yellow Flowers Yellow flowers typically symbolize one of two things: platonic friendship or jealousy. Neither of these are particularly auspicious messages for romance. I’m not saying you can never send yellow flowers to someone you're in a relationship with: if yellow is their favorite color, or you have an established relationship and you want to send some cheer, yellow might be appropriate. But early in a relationship, you may want to avoid yellow’s ambiguous symbolism. Flowers With Un-romantic Symbolism In addition to yellow flowers, there are several other plant varieties that don't lend themselves to very romantic messages: A gift of narcissus indicates that the recipient is self-obsessed and egotistical. Not the most heartfelt and romantic message! Lavender signifies distrust, perhaps because it was frequently used to conceal unpleasant odors. A striped carnation signifies refusal of love. Snapdragons signify both graciousness and deception, so this is another flower that may be fraught with romantic peril. You might want to avoid these blooms. Flowers That Will Poison Your Pets or Children Nothing kills romance faster than a dead puppy. If your beloved has pets (or children) at home, avoid giving flowers that are poisonous to the household denizens! Some of the biggest poison culprits are lilies and calla lilies. You can look up other plants poisonous to children here and other plants poisonous to pets here. Remember, roses are edible- making them pretty much non-toxic to all! So they're generally a safe bet. Flowers That Trigger Allergies Does your beloved get hay fever? Then there are a few flowers you should avoid, unless you want them to sneeze whenever they get too close to your bouquet! The asteraceae family may trigger allergies. This family includes asters, dahlias, daisies, Gerbera daisies, and chrysanthemums. Lilies also have pollen, but you can trim off the stamens before gifting the flower, eliminating the problem. In general, flowers with smaller blooms produce more pollen than larger flowers, making them more of an issue for allergy sufferers. Definitely not a great flower for love! So definitely don't pick poisonous yellow flowers with lots of pollen! Key Takeaways: Finding the Perfect Love Flowers When it comes to buying romantic flowers, not all blooms are created equal! When choosing the best bouquet for a loved one, you’ll need to consider: Price: What can you afford, and what’s appropriate to spend? Seasonality/availability: what flowers are available? Symbolism: What flowers send the most appropriate symbolic message? Personality of the recipient: What flowers match the recipient’s style, taste, and personality? Different flowers are potentially appropriate for different points in a relationship. Flowers particularly appropriate for early in a courtship include the aster, the gerbera daisy, the hyacinth, the lilac, and the ranunculus. Blooms well-suited to romantic occasions and Valentine’s bouquets include the bird-of-paradise, red carnations, gladiolus, lilies, orchids, roses (orange, red, or purple), the sweet pea, and red or purple tulips. The most appropriate wedding flowers include the calla lily, the lily of the valley, orange blossoms, white roses, and stephanotis. For wedding anniversaries, you can give your significant other either the designated anniversary flower for your years of marriage or an appropriately romantic bouquet of your choosing. Here’s what you should avoid when crafting a romantic bouquet: Yellow flowers- they mean either platonic friendship or infidelity Flowers with negative or ambiguous symbolism, like narcissus, lavender, striped carnations, and snapdragons. Flowers poisonous to any pets or children that live at the recipient’s home Blooms that will trigger allergies, if the recipient has them Armed with this info, you’re ready to craft the most romantic bouquet the world (or at least your paramour) has ever seen!

Using Italic and Abbreviations in Writing Process Essay

Using Italic and Abbreviations in Writing Process - Essay Example Italics can be used in writing when foreign words are discussed in a sentence (Kirszner & Mandell, 2009). Example when using Latin words that are acceptable in writing the italics is applied. Italics also can be used for foreign words or phrases that are not considered fully part of the English language. Also, the use of italics can be when citing English words in writing. Instead of using single quotes you can use italics when citing English words that are being talked about in writing. The italics can also be used to italicize the names of vehicles. Italicize the names of ships, airplanes missiles, and man-made satellites. Italics also can be used when writing the name of the case in legal cases (Foster, 2010). Italics are used in the practice test in the tips section to improve your knowledge of when to italicize text. Titles of full-length books are to be italicized. Even if they are not books as long as they are longer than of a short few types pages these pieces get italicized. Titles of anthologies of pieces such as songs, poems, short stories, and short plays/essays should be italicized. Title of movie and television shows can be italicized in the writing process; individual scenes are to be enclosed in quotes. Another writing process written by Kirszner & Mandell is an abbreviation which is writing of short forms of names. The proper use of abbreviations can help the writer to put clear what is contained in the text. Also, if these abbreviations are used in excess they can bring about confusion. According to the MLA publication manual, it provides some of the effective suggestions concerning the use of abbreviations in writing. These suggestions include the general use of using the abbreviations that are; any expression that will be written in abbreviation form should be in full the first time it is used followed by the abbreviation in the parentheses and abbreviated thereafter.

Consumer behavior Individual Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer behavior Individual - Assignment Example Apple’s main mission is to maintain high quality standards for its products and this helps them to serve its customers with an innovative and technologically advanced product line. Apple not only focuses on development of innovative products, but also protects consumer interest and values consumer welfare (OGrady, 2009). Apple is devoted to continuously develop innovative products so that their customers get to avail the latest technologies. The company’s vision is to provide exceptional technological experiences for their customers all over the world (OGrady, 2009). The company operates in a highly competitive market. Some potential competitors of Apple Inc are Samsung Electronics Co., Lenovo Group Limited, Dell Inc. and Microsoft Corporation. The competitors of Apple provided similar products at a reasonable cost. Companies like Samsung and IBM started capturing Apple’s market share. The products of Apple could not be afforded by all sections of the population. In the market for technology, consumers enjoy a high substitution rate of products because of the availability of large number of alternatives in the market (Barney, 1995). The market share of Apple Inc. and its competitors can be explained by the figure below. Apple Inc. captures the prime market share i.e. the company captures 30% of the total market share. Nokia covers over 23% of the total market share and Samsung has an 11% market share of the total. Other companies capture the rest of the market (Source: Ferrell & Hartline, 2012). Apple operates in a highly competitive market. Several companies have come up with products which are similar to Apple’s products. The rivals of the company follow a pricing strategy that enables them to offer alternatives to apple’s product at a relatively low price. There is a high substitution rate in the market as switching cost for the customers is quite low. The competitors also aggressively advertise their products through social media

The Scandal of Larry Craig

The Scandal of Larry Craig Larry Craig was arrested at the Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport on a suspicion of Lewd Conduct. The date that this incident happened was on June 11th, 2007. Craig was arrested after trying to have sex with another male in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport bathroom. What he didnt know is that the man he was trying to have sex with ended up being an undercover officer, the officer was undercover because of complaints about a man trying to have sex with others in the bathroom, this has been going on for several weeks now. Larry Craig was the main person affected because of this incident, probably because he was the main person involved. Because of this incident Larry Craig lost many of his friends, a good amount of those friends were made through politics and were still in politics. One main friend he lost was Mitt Romney who was Governor of Massachusetts at the time of this incident. After the public heard about the incident, as you expected, there was a major backlash on Larry Craig and he was hated by many Americans. Many gay right activists were mad at Craig for making gay people look bad. At the time of this incident gays were trying to be treated equal to straight people because they werent equal at the time of this incident, so many people were mad for the sole fact that he interacted in a gay act like he did. In the end what really affected Larry Craig was that the incident cost him his political career. Larry Craig ended up serving the rest of his term as Senator because he refused to resign, but he did not end up running for re-election for the position because he knew just like everyone else did, that he would not win the re-election for Senator. He also was not liked by many other politicians after this incident. Another person affected because of the incident was Mitt Romney. Craig was one of the two Senators that were liaisons for Mitt Romneys 2008 Presidential Campaign. After this incident Mitt Romney was not a fan of Larry Craig, in fact Mitt Romney actually strongly disliked Larry Craig. Larry Craig made Mitt Romney look bad because of this incident, do the citizens of America really want a President that works with guys like this running the country? This ended up with Mitt Romney removing Larry Craig from anything to do with his Presidential Campaign then went on to talk badly about Craig to the public by saying Hes disappointed the American people (Hulse). The last person that was affected because of this incident was Mike Jones and the officer that arrested him. Mike Jones told the public that Larry Craig offered him $200 to have oral sex with him in a restroom. After this was told to the public and a reporter asked Larry Craig, he responded by saying Mike Jones was lying just to try to promote his new book about the incident between Mike and Ted Haggard (Hulse). So Larry Craig just said Mike was trying to just get money from his incident and that it isnt alright to do. Lastly, was the officer that arrested Craig. They never released the officers name, which is understandable because this was a big incident. Craig tried to have sex with him in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport restroom, after he made the arrest Larry Craig tried to blackmail the officer by showing his badge that showed he was a part of the government and then said So, what do you think about that? This incident occurred on August 8th, 2007. There are many facts about this government scandal. One fact is that he was arrested for disorderly conduct in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport. Another fact about this scandal is that Larry Craig ended up sending a signed petition to the court and the petition pled guilty for misdemeanor charge was accepted and filed to the court on August 8th, 2007. When this was released to the public he said that he regretted pleading guilty because he was innocent. He said that he only plead guilty to the charges because he wanted this to just fly over and not go on, but it ended up backfiring and lasting along time. Larry Craig said that he just wanted to get this over as quick as possible and get on with his life and duty as one of the Senators of the United States. The time frame of this incident was in August 2007. But apparently he has been doing things like this for years but never got caught or had it released to the public until now. No one really knows if these reports about it happening in the past are true, but they know that the incident in August 2007 was real and it happened. At the time of this incident many other things were also happening in the world. One surrounding circumstance was the Phoenix spacecraft launched towards Mars. They launched the Phoenix spacecraft on August 4th, 2007. Another surrounding circumstance was that the war in Afghanistan was going on. The war in Afghanistan started in October 2001 because of the tragic incident of 9/11. This war was a long war that lasted 13 years, it eventually ended in 2014, three years after the US killed the man responsible for 9/11. The mans name was Osama Bin Laden and he was killed on May 2, 2011 in Pakistan which is a country that borders Afghanistan. He was in his hideout that he had. The last thing that was a surrounding circumstance in 2007 was the Iraq war. The US was in the middle of two wars in 2007. This war started in March 2003 because of an invasion in Iraq that was led by the United States. This war was also long but didnt last as long as the war in Afghanistan. The war in Iraq lasted 8 years. It ended in December 2011 because Obama decided it was a good idea to just end the war and pull out. In this scandal there were many rumors that had spread during this scandal. After this scandal, a gay rights activist Michael Rogers came out and told the public that this wasnt the first time that Larry Craig has done something like this. He said there were multiple similar occasions that something like this had happened to other people. The first one he has tied Craig to be in happened in 1982. Rogers also said that it has been happening in multiple locations all over the United States not just in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport where this incident took place. All these incidents were reported to a reporter for the Idaho Statesman. Michael Rogers wasnt the only person to come out and say that Craig has done this before. Up to eight other gay men came up to the reporter for Idaho Statesman saying that they had either sexual encounters with Larry Craig or him attempting to engage in sexual conduct with them. Four of the eight men gave good details about their encounters with Craig, it wasnt proven if they had happened or not but it caused some discussion. The most recent encounter that had been reported came from a 40 year old man who claimed that he and Craig had engaged in oral sex in 2004. None of these reports had been proven true nor had they been proven false. They were all just rumors and not many know if these reports had been true or not. Because of this incident the government took a huge hit. Craig has been in politics along time and he was liked by many other politicians previous to this incident. Larry Craig lost many political friends because of this and there was a huge debate whether or not if they should allow Craig to stay as Senator. They decided that Craig could remain and serve the rest of his term as Senator. Craig did end up serving the rest of his term. Many people looked at the government badly for allowing a man who did this remain the Senator and not kicking him out of his position. They were mad because they didnt want a corrupt man helping run this country, they looked at it as not right. After Craigs term was up he did not re-run in the election as Senator because everyone knew that if he did he would not win. The only one to really suffer because of this incident is Larry Craig. After this incident Craig returned to his duty as Senator of the United States. He refused to resign from his position, but after his term as Senator he lost his job and didnt re-run in the upcoming election as Senator. This isnt the only thing that that ended for him. He ended his career in politics. Another person that you could argue suffered from this incident was Mitt Romney. Craig was one of the two Senators liaisons for Mitt Romneys 2008 presidential campaign. This incident made Romney look bad and he dropped Craig from being a part of anything to do with his presidential campaign. Mitt Romney ended up losing this election and Craig didnt impact his campaign positively. Craig wasnt the main reason he lost but would Romney have gotten more votes if this didnt happen? Nobody knows. Craig probably didnt lose the election for Romney but he sure didnt help Romneys chances. The last thing that suffered because of this incident was the government because Craig had been a part of politics for a long time. He had many friends and was trusted by many people that were in politics. This incident caused a man that was high in politics to lose his job and end his career. There were many outcomes after this Scandal. Mostly it affected Larry Craig and his life. Larry Craig ended up serving the rest of his term as the Senator, then decided that he is done with his political career after this incident. He didnt re-run because he wouldve lost and he knew that. One thing that happened that is kind of interesting is that the TV show Law and Order made an episode that replicated the whole Larry Craig scandal. The episode was called Political Animal. They used things in the episode such as the foot tapping that Craig apparently did in the stalls, and when the officer in the episode arrested the councilman, the councilman yelled Im not gay to resemble what Larry Craig also did. The last thing is the stalls in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport that this incident happened in started to gain notoriety. The airport then decided that they should demolish the stalls this incident occurred in and did so. In ending, this scandal wasnt one of the biggest to occur in the United States history. But the government did take a hit and this scandal was very popular and talked about. This incident will always be remembered as a weird scandal because no one really expected Craig to do something like this, yet it has been apparently going on for years and kept quiet.

History to Hrm

Evolution of HRM †¢ History – MANAGEMENT – MAN MANAGEMENT †¢ Approaches †¢ Difference in Personnel Management and HR †¢ EXAMPLES OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TROUGHTOUT HISTORY †¢ Ancient †¢ Medieval †¢ Modern History Of HRM †¢ Industrial Revolution – Advantages and Disadvantages †¢ Trade Union Era – World War and Post World War †¢ Social Responsibility – Paternalistic Approach †¢ Scientific Management – F. W Taylor – Henry Fayol History Of HRM †¢ Industrial Psychology – Human Factor – Human Relations, Hawthorne Experiments †¢ Behavioral Sciences – Motivation – Satisfaction Modern Management – Management By Objectives – Organization Development It all began with, role of personnel manager being: †¢ Clerk – Managing Dues †¢ Record Keeper – Managing Time Keeping †¢ Channel of Communication between Employees + Management, Recruitment & Selection †¢ Industrial Relations – Union †¢ Labour Laws– Eg. Min. Wages, PF, ESIC Laws– †¢ Welfare Officer – Recreation †¢ Training & Development Phases of Human Resource Management AND TODAY †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Organization Development Strategic Partner Human Capital ManagementIt is a Profession Rising Prominence of the Human Resource Management: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Emphasis on quality Impact of technology Liberalization of Indian economy Privatization of Indian economy Globalization Rising Prominence of the Human Resource Management: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Changes in political philosophy Trade unionism Cutthroat competition International problems – Diversified workforce – Knowledge workers – Information Technology Approaches towards Human Beings: †¢ Mechanical approach – commodity approach or factor of production concept – up to 1920. Paternalistic Approach – from 1920 till great depressions – died during the Great Depressions of 1930s. Approaches towards Human Beings: †¢ Social System or Humanistic Approach: 1930-40 Psychologists – Mayo, Mc 40 Gregor etc. Sociologists – Blake etc. †¢ Human Resource Approach – 1940 onwards – (distinct needs, aspirations and personality) – MBO, two way communication, leadership, quality circles etc. Evolution of HRM in India 1920s – 30s Pragmatism of capitalists 1940s – 50s Technical, legalistic 1970s – 80s Professional, legalistic, impersonal 1990s PhilosophicalDIFFERENCE BETWEEN HRM/ HRD/ PRESONNEL †¢ LETS DISCUSS †¢ HRM AND PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT ARE THE SAME †¢ Some experts assert that there is no difference between human resources and personnel management They state that management. the two terms can be used interchangeably, with no difference in meaning. In fact, the terms a re often used interchangeably in help-wanted ads and job descriptions descriptions. †¢ When looking for a job in personnel management or human resources, it is important to realize that many companies use the terms interchangeably If you are offered interchangeably. job as a personnel manager, you may be required to perform the same duties as a human resource manager, and vice versa. In some companies, a distinction is made, but the difference is very subtle. Personnel vs. Human Resource Management †¢ Human †¢ Personnel Resource Management Management †¢ Personnel means †¢ persons employed. PM is the management of people employed. HRM is the management of employees’ skills, knowledge, abilities, talents, aptitudes, creative abilities etc. Employee is treated not †¢ Employee is treated as only as economic man an economic man as his but also as social and services are exchanged psychological man. Thus for wage/salary the complete man is viewed. â₠¬ ¢ Employees are used †¢ Employees are used for the multiple mutual mostly for organizational benefit of the benefits. organization, employees and their family members. †¢ Personnel function is †¢ HRM is a strategic treated as only an management function. auxiliary. †¢ Employee is viewed as a †¢ Employee is treated as commodity or tool or a resource. quipment, which can be purchased or used. †¢ Employees are treated †¢ Employees are treated as a profit centre and as cost centre and therefore, invests capital therefore management for human resource controls the cost of development and future labour. utility. †¢ Employees are used †¢ Employees are used for mostly for organizational the multiple mutual benefits. benefit of the organization, employees and their family members. †¢ Personnel Management is more of administrative functions. †¢ Personnel function are said to be reactive †¢ Personnel function is treated as only an a uxiliary. HR, is responsible for managing a workforce as one of the primary resources that contributes to the success of an organization. †¢ HRM is a proactive function. †¢ HRM is a strategic management function. Relationship Between HRM and HRD †¢ Human resource management (HRM) encompasses many functions †¢ Human resource development (HRD) is one of the functions within HRM †¢ Personnel management Precedes the history Talent Management †¢ A dynamic, ongoing process of systematically †¢ identifying, assessing, and developing talent for †¢ future critical roles to ensure continuity and †¢ effective organizational performance. Note that some people distinguish a difference between between HRM (a major management activity)and HRD(Human Resource Development). Those people might include HRM in HRD, explaining that HRD includes the broader range of activities to develop personnel inside of organizations, including, e. g. , career development, training, organization development, etc. ? There is a long-standing argument about where HR standing HR-related functions should be organized into large organizations, eg, â€Å"should HR be in the Organization Development department or the other way around? ? The HRM function and HRD profession have undergone tremendous change over the past 20-30 years. Many years ago, large 30 organizations looked to the â€Å"Personnel Department,† mostly to manage the paperwork around hiring and paying people. More recently, organizations consider the â€Å"HR Department† as playing a major role in staffing, training and helping to manage people so that people and the organization are performing at maximum capability in a highly fulfilling manner. Jobs & Careers in HRM †¢ HR Specialist †¢ HR Manager †¢ HR Executive